Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Ve

Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Venice Any theatrical performance requires a two-fold exchange. The performers must act in such a way as to engage the audience and draw them into the story of the stage. However, the audience itself must yield to the imagination, allowing at times the irrational to take precedent over rational expectations. This exchange between performers and audience creates the dramatic experience; one cannot exist without the other. In the context of Shakespeare's works this relationship becomes exceedingly important. Not only was scenery minimal on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage, thus forcing audience members to imagine great battles, enchanted forests, and ornate palace courts, but the absence of actresses put an increased burden on the audience's imagination and actors' performance because young, cross-dressed boys performed all female roles. Though the rational logic of the audience recognized the performer as male, the imaginative mind had to assume a feminine gender. Robert Kimbrough has noted: â€Å"people going to the theatre check their literal-mindedness at the door and willingly believe anything they are asked to believe; the theatre is where illusion becomes reality† (17). This reality demonstrated on the stage flourishes in the mind of the audience member where both rational comprehension and imagination coexist. Thus, though it has been argued that the boy actors' cross-dressing allows for a potential â€Å"sodomitical† pleasure to the male audience member (Sedinger 69), such a relationship seems highly unlikely given the nature of theater and the imaginative/rational relationship. It is necessary to understand Shakespeare's female cha... ...-33. Howard, Jean E. â€Å"Crossdressing, the Theatre, and Gender Struggle in Early Modern England.† Shakespeare Quarterly 39.4 (1988): 418-40. Newman, Karen. â€Å"Portia's Ring: Unruly Women and Structure of Exchange in The Merchant of Venice.† Shakespeare Quarterly 38.1 (1987): 19-33. Orgel, Stephen, and A. R. Braunmiller, eds. The Complete Pelican Shakespeare . New York: Penguin, 2002. Rackin, Phyllis. â€Å"Androgyny, Mimesis, and the Marriage of the Boy Heroine on the English Renaissance Stage.† PMLA 102.1 (1987): 29-41. Sedinger, Tracey. â€Å"‘If sight and shape be true': The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage.† Shakespeare Quarterly 48.1 (1997): 63-79. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It . Orgel and Braunmiller 407-37. ---. The Merchant of Venice . Orgel and Braunmiller 293–323. ---. Twelfth Night . Orgel and Braunmiller 446-73. Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Ve Cross-dressing in Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Venice Any theatrical performance requires a two-fold exchange. The performers must act in such a way as to engage the audience and draw them into the story of the stage. However, the audience itself must yield to the imagination, allowing at times the irrational to take precedent over rational expectations. This exchange between performers and audience creates the dramatic experience; one cannot exist without the other. In the context of Shakespeare's works this relationship becomes exceedingly important. Not only was scenery minimal on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage, thus forcing audience members to imagine great battles, enchanted forests, and ornate palace courts, but the absence of actresses put an increased burden on the audience's imagination and actors' performance because young, cross-dressed boys performed all female roles. Though the rational logic of the audience recognized the performer as male, the imaginative mind had to assume a feminine gender. Robert Kimbrough has noted: â€Å"people going to the theatre check their literal-mindedness at the door and willingly believe anything they are asked to believe; the theatre is where illusion becomes reality† (17). This reality demonstrated on the stage flourishes in the mind of the audience member where both rational comprehension and imagination coexist. Thus, though it has been argued that the boy actors' cross-dressing allows for a potential â€Å"sodomitical† pleasure to the male audience member (Sedinger 69), such a relationship seems highly unlikely given the nature of theater and the imaginative/rational relationship. It is necessary to understand Shakespeare's female cha... ...-33. Howard, Jean E. â€Å"Crossdressing, the Theatre, and Gender Struggle in Early Modern England.† Shakespeare Quarterly 39.4 (1988): 418-40. Newman, Karen. â€Å"Portia's Ring: Unruly Women and Structure of Exchange in The Merchant of Venice.† Shakespeare Quarterly 38.1 (1987): 19-33. Orgel, Stephen, and A. R. Braunmiller, eds. The Complete Pelican Shakespeare . New York: Penguin, 2002. Rackin, Phyllis. â€Å"Androgyny, Mimesis, and the Marriage of the Boy Heroine on the English Renaissance Stage.† PMLA 102.1 (1987): 29-41. Sedinger, Tracey. â€Å"‘If sight and shape be true': The Epistemology of Crossdressing on the London Stage.† Shakespeare Quarterly 48.1 (1997): 63-79. Shakespeare, William. As You Like It . Orgel and Braunmiller 407-37. ---. The Merchant of Venice . Orgel and Braunmiller 293–323. ---. Twelfth Night . Orgel and Braunmiller 446-73.

Molecular Modeling

MOLECULAR MODELING 1. Objectives ? Predictthe shape of identified compounds; ? Construct molecular models of identified compounds; and ? Determine the molecular structure of identified compounds. 2. Theory Building models of molecules are useful for visualizing how atoms are connected in three-dimensional space called molecular geometry, which is best predicted by Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSPER) theory. The following are the sets of rules summarizing thsi theory: ? Consider molecules and ions where two or more atoms are bonded to a central atom. The electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom are assumed to position as far apart as possible because electron pair repels one another. The shape of the molecule or ion is a result of the electron-pair repulsion. ? All the valence-shell electron pairs of the central atom are considered both the pairs that form covalent bonds (called bonding pairs) and the pairs that are unshared (called nonbonding pairs or lone pa irs). ? The nonbonding pairs help to determine the position of the atoms in the molecule or ion.Valence –Shell-Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory allows the chemist to predict 3-dimensional shape of molecules from knowledge of their Lewis Dot Structure. In VESPR theory, the position of bound atoms (ligands0 and electron pairs are described relative to a central atom. Once the ligands and lone pair electrons are positioned, the resulting geometrical shape presented by the atoms only (ignoring lone pairs) is used to describe the molecule. Electron Density and Molecular Geometry | d(Be-Cl) = 0,117 nm? = 180  °| | | Linear (B-F) = 0,130 nm ? = 120  ° Triangular Planar d(S-O) = 0,150 nm ? = 109 . 5 ° Tetrahedral | | d(P-Cleq) = 0,202 nmd(P-Clax) = 0,214 nm? (ClPCl) = 90  ° ;  ? (ClPCl) = 120  °| Triangular Biplanar | | d(Xe-F) = 0,190 nm? = 90 °| Octahedral 3. Apparatus and Materials 2- Modeling Clay (diff. colors) 1 – Wire (3mm. diameter, 5ft. long) 1- Pr otractor 4. Procedure 4. 1. Determine the molecular structure of the compounds listed in the table. 4. 2 Fill the table provided for the experiment. 4. 3 Construct the molecular models for each compound. 4. 3. Use color for the central atom diff. from the attached atoms. Use one color for the attached atoms. 4. 3. 2 Make a 2-inch diameter central atom X and ? inch diameter for the attached atoms Y. 4. 3. 3 Cut the wire into 3 inches long. 4. 3. 4 Attach the central atom X to the Y atoms based on the arrangement. 5. MolecularFormula| BondAngles| MolecularStructure| No. ofBond Pairs| No. ofLone Pairs| AngularGeometry| BeCl2| 180 °| | 2| 0| Linear| BF3| 120 °| | 3| 0| TrigonalPlanar| SO4| 109. 5 °| | 4| 0| Tetrahedral| PCl5| 120 °| | 5| 0| TriangularBipyramidal|XeF6| 90 °| | 6| 0| Octahedral| 6. Questions 1. What is valence electron? Give its importance. In chemistry,  valence electrons  are the  electrons  of an  atom  that can participate in the formation of   chemica bonds  with other atoms. Valence electrons are their â€Å"own† electrons, present in the free neutral atom, that combine with valence electrons of other atoms to form chemical bonds. In a single  covalent bond  both atoms contribute one valence electron to form a  shared pair. For  main group elements, only the outermost electrons are valence electrons.In  transition metals, some inner-shell electrons are also valence electrons. Valence electrons can determine the element's chemical properties and if it will bond with others or not. When two atoms approach each other and react with each other, it is their outer shells that come into contact first, and it is therefore the electrons in their outer shells that are normally involved in any chemical reaction. So it is the number of electrons in an atom’s outer shell that determines, to a large extent, how that element will react chemically.

Interpreting The History Of Volcanoes And Volcanic Rocks Essay

Drawing from the diagram, the volcanic history is as outlined below and other relevant details are also supplied. 1.0 Sequential summary of volcanic history the area a. Andersite porphyry: this is the oldest. Andersite indicates magma of intermediate composition. Its silica content is midway between felsic rocks (having high silica content) and mafic rocks (having low silica content). Its formation is a two-step process where slow cooling occurs at the initial stage within the crust forming large crystals as a result. However, the remaining magma moves further out and, as a result, cools to form a fine grained texture within which the earlier formed large crystals are embedded. This indicates a slow eruption. b. Turf grading into braccia: these are pyroclastic rocks formed by violent eruption of highly viscous magma. The tuff is finer than breccia but the two are of the same occurrence of formation. The magma forces its way out shattering the surrounding plastic rocks into ashes and block fragments. These consolidate to form tuff and breccia respectively and are likely to be felsic since high viscousity indicates a high silica content c. Dacite porphyry: this is of similar composition and formation style as andersite porphyry though it has higher silica content than andersite. d. Pumice Breccia: pumice is fine textured, filled with porous holes containing gases that were trapped within the forming magma at the onset of eruption. The gases later escapes to form a light, porous glassy rock. The breccia was likely to have resulted from the shattering of the rocks as the magma erupts out. Pumice is light colured which indicates a felsic composition (felsic rocks are lightly coloured than mafic rocks) e. Polymictic breccia: this indicates a mixture of breccia of varying silica content which indicates the onset of the formation of an interrupting basaltic formation which is to follow after. However, the mode of formation is still violent. f. Basalt with rough blacky top: this is a fine grained mafic rock. The rough top indicates that the forming magma was gently erupted and the viscosity low enough to cause the included gas to just escape leaving the bubble spaces at the top. g. Andersite: this has been seen as of intermediate silica composition. The absence of porphyritic material may indicate a less quiet eruption. h. Obsidian with pumice streak: the youngest rock; obsidian resembles pumice but without the bubble holes. The presence of pumice streak indicates violent eruption since some of the gases were trapped as a result of the violence. It is felsic. 2.0 Since the last eruption is about 19 years earlier (the age of the youngest layer), the volcano is still active. The earthquakes and the likes are likely pointers to another volcanic eruption. So evacuation is imminent. 3.0 This is an example of a composite or cinder-cone volcano. The seldom occurrence of pyroclastic materials and rocks of intermediate composition suggests this. These, in addition to the fact that the rocks are from highly viscous magma, also suggests that the volcano is located at a volcanic arc.

buy custom Antigone essay

buy custom Antigone essay The common definition of politics is a peaceful settling of beauty. This definition can in no way be applied in the play Sophocles by Antigone. Politics is best correlated with the community. The relationship between Creon and Antigone is not peaceful but turbulent. The two characters are seen to be stubborn thus taking away any peace in the plot development of the play. Such a form of politics is commonly referred to as political drama involving peaceful conduct requiring some kind of agreement on the political rules. In the play, the way Creon regarded the city laws made him to abandon his other beliefs. He believed that everyone should abide by the laws he sets no matter the other religious and moral beliefs. Antigone regarded the gods beliefs in high reverence. She believed that the gods laws had to be obeyed and should come before any other especially with regards to family. The position taken by these two characters makes the play stand out as a political drama (Antigone 78). Sophocles by Antigone is a Greek drama modernized with the use of sidebar notes, difficult vocabulary and terms and modern characters. These inclusions were intended to make the audience enjoy the wisdom, beauty and intent of the play. The curse on Oedipus haunts and lingers the young generation in this brilliant and new Sophocles classic drama translation. The daughter of Jocasta and Oedipus, Antigone is introduced in the play as heroine who is unconventional and pits the beliefs she has against the Thebes King. This manifest itself in a bloody test involving wills which end up leaving only a few unharmed. The play gets emotional as Antigone challenges the king stating her rights to have her brother buried. Though doomed, she shows her determination and in her inner strength as the play unfolds. Through Antigone, political morality and law that is relevant today is brought out despite the play being staged thousands of years ago. The plot of the play revolves around Antigone narration of the main character, Thebess former King, who unknowingly married the mother and killed his father after which he renounced the kingdom after discovering what he had done. The other striking issue in the play is Antigen fight against her uncle, Creon who was the new Thebes king, to bury her brother. The play pits the unwritten laws of the gods against the humankind laws which tie the family against civic duty as well as man against woman. Sophocles is among the many Ancient Greek playwrights that were used to comment on political and social concerns. Sophocles was written with the intention on commenting on the political and social concerns to the Pericles and Athenian general on the authoritarian rule dangers (Antigone 65). The Day of Affirmation is a philosophical essay which has proved to be relevant in the analysis of Antigone. The philosophical essay focuses on political issue, individual liberty, power of governance, the role of womn and the youth in the society and the beliefs of people before the law and God. These are some of the issues that the play addresses thus the two correlate. The Day of Affirmation addresses the right to communicate and express ideas aimed at recalling government obligations and duties while addressing the right of affirmation of the peoples allegiance and membership to the political and social body governed by people who share the heritage, land and the future of the children. According to the affirmation, the decisions made by any governance should be aimed at improving the lives of its subjects. Thus the essential of the people humanity can only be preserved and protected not just to the wealthy, poor, religious or people from a particular race but to all the people. The Day of Affirmation goes forward to state that the power of governance should be limited to the common peoples act so to ensure they are no interference in the peoples right to security at their homes and the right to worship with no imposition of penalties and pain and no restrictions on the peoples opportunities (Antigone 102). This is closely associated with Creon and Antigone positions in the play. Creon carries with him strong opinion on the city laws and the laws he passed. His ways of implementing them are very strict to ensure that they are followed. He orders Polyneices not to be buried as he dishonored Thebes. He went ahead to order that anyone found burying him will face a death sentence as this was considered as disobeying the orders he had put in place. In this context, contrary to the Day of Affirmation that favored the common man rights, Creon orders count more than the common man wish. This decision proved to be problematic to Antigone as the subject in question was her brother and more so she had her family values to be so valued that she could not leave the corpse to rot. Antigone on the other hand is passionate and principled in everything that she does. She represents the voice of the common man in the play. No matter how her sister tried to convince her to change her mind about the burial of her brother, she stuck to her words despite the dangers she was putting herself in with regards to going against Creon and the entire state. Just as it is stated in the Day of Affirmation, the common man was expected to obey the laws put in place by those who govern them. Ismene states that it was a must for them to obey those who are in authority. Antigone continues to fight for what she believed were her rights until when she met her fate and died honorably as a proud woman (Antigone 122). The philosophical essay calls for everyone to recognize human equality before the law, before God and the government council. This should be done as it is the right thing to be done and not because it has economic advantages, or Gods laws command that, or thats what is expected by everyone. It should be the dream of all systems of governance to increase the freedom oof its subjects, ensure justice to all and put in place that will ensure that it remains flexible and strong so as to meet the peoples demands. Antigone in the play can be interpreted as being a wise and noble young woman who stood and fought for her rights for justice in relation to traditional beliefs. Creon on the other hand fights for what he believes is based on might. The two bring out the a subtle variation with Antigone standing out as being the best representation of ethical imagination opposite to the sister, Ismene, who does everything so long as the law of the community states so. The laws in the system of governance witnessed in the play are a convention of a given time and place representing an imperfect image of unwritten laws that come above the normal rational level leading to incapable and infinite final formulation. The position taken by the Antigone and Creon contradicting the laws of Thebes makes the play a perfect example of political drama. From the play, it can be possibly maintained that Creon was always in the wrong while Antigone in the right. The entire play is centered on a beautiful cause and martyr while Creon is only out to do anything to ensure that his apotheosis and triumph come to pass. Creon is punished for punishing Antigone but by stating that Antigone was right and Creon was wrong means that the law which Antigone vindicated was supposed to supersede the ones which Creon had vindicated. Antigone stands out as being a pathetic as well as a noble creation who makes no effort to conciliate Creon. However, she maintains a defiant attitude through out the play glorying her actions and the penalty that followed. It is hard to picture out how Creon without considering his authority and position could have in a different way from what he did in the play. Antigone though proved to be brave, she courts death. The Gods were against Creons actions towards Polyneices and this can be viewed as being a justification o f Antigone actions. For the two, it was not a matter of their action but the temper in which they acted that resulted to their ruin. Thus Creon and Antigone were both right in their actions and roles in the play (Antigone 98). Nothing illustrates better the complexity involved and underlies the simplicity of Sophocles than Antigone ethics. The central role assumed by Antigone is the law relations that have sanctions in the law and political authority with regards to the obligation on members of the states and citizens. The laws in Thebes present themselves in a crucial form that is in direct collision. The same laws justified Antigone position to insist on burying her brother as well as Creon edict which meant that Polyneices was deprived his funeral rights. Polyneices was a heinous criminal while Creon the head of state thus was expected to typically impose punishment on him. Antigone also had the right to burry her own brother thus the political drama and dilemma in the play of who was right and who was wrong. Buy custom Antigone essay

Spanish Short-Form Possessive Determiners or Adjectives

Spanish Short-Form Possessive Determiners or Adjectives Possessive adjectives of Spanish, like those of English, are a way of indicating who owns or is in possession of something. Their use is straightforward, although they (like other adjectives) must match the nouns they modify in both number and gender. Basics About the Short-Form Possessives Unlike English, Spanish has two forms of possessive adjectives, a short form that is used before nouns, and a long-form possessive adjective that is used after nouns. They are often known as the possessive determiners. Here are the short-form possessive adjectives (sometimes known as possessive determiners): mi, mis - my - Compra mi piano. (She is buying my piano.)tu, tus - your (singular familiar) - Quiero comprar tu coche. (I want to buy your car.)su, sus - your (singular or plural formal), its, his, her, their - Voy a su oficina. (I am going to his/her/your/their office.)nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras - our - Es nuestra casa. (It is our house.)vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras - your (plural familiar) -  ¿Dà ³nde estn vuestros hijos? (Where are your children?) Note that the possessive adjectives vary by number and gender. The change is with the nouns they modify, not with the person(s) who own or possess the object. Thus you would say his book and her book in the same way: su libro. Some examples: Es nuestro coche. (It is our car.)Es nuestra casa. (It is our house.)Son nuestros coches. (They are our cars.)Son nuestras casas. (They are our houses.) As you might imagine, su and sus can be ambiguous, since they can mean his, her, its, your, or their. If the use of su or sus doesnt make the sentence clear, you can use de followed by a prepositional pronoun instead: Quiero comprar su casa. (I want to buy his/her/your/their house.)Quiero comprar la casa de à ©l. (I want to buy his house.)Quiero comprar la casa de ella. (I want to buy her house.)Quiero comprar la casa de usted. (I want to buy your house.)Quiero comprar la casa de ellos. (I want to buy their house.) In some areas, de à ©l, de ella, and de ellos are preferred over su and sus for saying his, her, and their, even where no ambiguity is present. Different Forms of ‘Your’ One source of confusion for Spanish students is that there are eight words that can be translated as your, and they arent interchangeable. The come in only three groups, however, because of the distinctions Spanish makes for number and gender: tu/tus, su/sus, and vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras. The main rule here is that possessives can be classified as either familiar or formal in the same way the pronouns for you are. So tu and tus correspond in usage to tà º (not the written accent on the pronoun), vuestro and its numbered and gendered forms correspond with vosotros, and su corresponds with usted and ustedes. So if you were talking with someone about her car, you might use tu coche if she is a friend or relative but su coche if she is a stranger. Grammar Involving the Possessive Forms There are two common problems that English speakers often encounter with these adjectives: Overuse of the Possessive Adjectives The possessive adjectives are used in most cases in the same way as they are used in English. However, you should be aware that in many instances- especially when speaking of body parts, clothing and items intimately associated with an individual- Spanish uses the definite article (el, la, los or las), the equivalent of the, instead of possessive adjectives. Sam arregla el pelo. (Sam is combing his hair.)Ella juntà ³ las manos para orar. (She joined her hands to pray.)Ricardo rompià ³ los anteojos. (Ricardo broke his glasses.) Repetition of Possessive Adjectives: In English, it is common to use a single possessive adjective to refer to more than one noun. In Spanish, a single possessive adjective can refer to only one noun, unless the multiple nouns refer to the same persons or objects. For example, son mis amigos y hermanos would mean they are my friends and siblings (with the friends and the siblings being identical persons), while son mis amigos y mis hermanos would mean they are my friends and siblings (the friends not being the same people as the siblings). Similarly, my cats and dogs would be translated as mis gatos y mis perros. Key Takeaways The possessive adjectives (also known as possessive determiners) are used to indicate who owns or is in possession of something.The possessive adjectives are distinguished in number and sometimes gender of what is possessed.The possessive forms su and sus can mean his, hers, its, or your, so you must rely on context when translating.

Purpose Statement, Review, and Development Essay

Purpose Statement, Review, and Development - Essay Example On the one hand, there is a prominent view that the polygraph testing needs to be more extensively employed in the national security and, on the other hand, scientific experts and security authorities are divided on the question. The proposed paper attempts to come to a logical conclusion on this hot topic of debate and scrutiny, and the findings of the study will have a decisive role on the future investigations on the question. The modern global context of amounting terrorist attacks and other nuclear threats has caused national security to be one of the major concerns of international community. In this background, several studies on the utility of polygraph in ensuring National Security have been conducted and every new study has a vital function in determining the significance of polygraph. One may also notice that there has been no consensus on the utility of polygraphs in national security, and the topic has always been one of the most controversial questions in the national security sector. The Department of Energy (DOE) has been making attempts to set up polygraph screening for the employees and applicants as a measure to ensure security in the national nuclear weapons laboratories. There were severe criticisms against the presumptions of DOE that the tests would identify subversives and put off potential terrorists. The sub-panel of Sandia’s Senior Scientists and Engineers who made a profoun d analysis on ‘Polygraphs and Security’ concluded that â€Å"there is no adequate scientific basis for this assumption. No specific polygraphic or behavioral response has been directly linked to the act of deception†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Polygraphs and Security, 1999). It was also specified by them that the subjective factors involved in the administration and interpretation of polygraph tests point to their limitations with regard to national security. Therefore, it is of central implication to have a precise analysis of the matters

Paranoid Personality Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paranoid Personality Disorder - Research Paper Example This paper reviews eccentric personality disorders as well as PPD. It reflects upon the therapy used in treating PPD and a measurement device that is employed to diagnose it. The last part of the paper summarizes a research conducted on personality disorders. Personality disorders are still not understood in detail; ironically they are some of the most common mental illnesses that individuals are diagnosed with. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) group personality disorders into three main groups: eccentric, dramatic and anxious. Cluster A encompasses eccentric personality disorders and include paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal. These three personality disorders have some common features amongst them. These symptoms are also often seen in schizophrenia. People with these disorders appear to be cold and eccentric. They start showing symptoms of eccentric personality disorders from early adulthood and when exposed to different situations such as work, home etc. People with schizoid personality disorders show little interest in social relationships and do not have a lot of expression. Moreover, they tend to be cold and indifferent to others. Schizotypal personality disorders are characterized by symptoms of not having close relationships, and supporting peculiar beliefs and flat emotions. PPD are discussed in detail in the following paragraphs. PPD are characteristic of individuals who are highly unsuspicious of other people. They tend to consider the actions of other people as threatening. The causes of PPD are not yet known; however it is believed that the PPD occur as a result of combination of psychological and biological elements. Studies have shown that PPD is more common in individuals who are genetically related to schizophrenic people. This genetic connection between schizophrenia and PPD is suggestive of some common cause. It has also been seen that physical and emotional traumatic